Nine topics to be completed later that were suggested by Douglas Nuttall's ResearchGate Post

 

AUG

14

1. From the family to the community that can be viewed from the top of Aristotle's hill to a sovereign nation, which, perhaps, is, after all, too big

I do not know of any scientific principle that indicates your thesis that communism works best in small groups beginning with the family and less well for very large communities such as entire nations; still I believe that it is true. It is a question of the group, whatever its size, reaching a consensus on important questions, like if the band of robbers comes back should we pay or fight, that everyone can live with. We understand there will be conflict and disagreement along the way. One can opt out by not going to the council meetings at the expense of giving up control of ones own life. 

Direct Aristotelian democracy is the basis for the so-called Fractal Government proposed here so as to ensure that all political power is retained by the people. Since every citizen must be a member of a community council which determines public policy, this basic political molecule must be small enough that the village council can be effective.

Its representative at the next most central council is chosen by sortition but recalled by popular vote if necessary. Thus decentralization must be the ultimate goal regardless of how the present system has to be accommodated. In particular, the largest identifiable political unit should be the drainage region, i. e., the contiguous portion of the land that drains into common reservoirs without any of the neighboring areas draining into it. This is the fundamental unit of land in ecology. (Professor Jorge Gabitto, formerly the chairman of the department of chemical engineering at Prairie View University, pointed out that the our maps are drawn in the most regrettable manner from the viewpoint of ecology. Rivers make convenient borders for map makers but not for ecologists.) The space between the basic molecules and the governing body of the entire ecological region is the fractal-like structure illustrated and discussed elsewhere. Additional necessities for decentralization are well known.

As of today, June 28, 2020, I believe that the greatest difficulty to establishing Dematerialism as imagined by me lies in the conduct of village or neighborhood councils to which every citizen belongs. Any number of difficulties are likely to arise and will place the greatest demands upon the human spirit. Lovers of freedom who believe in humanity will be hard pressed indeed. I am not certain that even a large compendium of advice would be of the slightest use at that time. (Aristotle imagined a community small enough to view from the top of a small hill.)

2. Jules Verne's island and Samuel Butler's Erewhon satisfy Delaney's condition.

 

On Jules Verne's Mysterious Island, six men who escaped from a 

Confederate prison in a balloon and who are moderately conversant with Nineteenth Century technology managed to establish a tiny enclave in which the most important technological features of their contemporary civilization could be obtained. In reality, it might take a little longer to establish the best of modernity.  Suppose they brought their little one- or two-house village up to date.  If someone joined them with new technology, they would have to think hard to decide whether to employ it or banish it to the museum to be  kept for its curiosity, intellectual, and aesthetic values. They might think like Samuel Butler's fictional characters in Erewhon who relegated all inventions made later than a specified date to a museum or they might think like David Delaney.     

The first dependence on economic growth is in the need to avoid the adverse consequences of innovations that reduce the need for labor.1 By definition, each labor-reducing innovation either increases the amount of a good produced or throws some people out of work.  Firms that create or exploit a labor-reducing innovation create new jobs internally by driving other firms out of business.  The new jobs implementing the innovation offset the loss of jobs caused by the innovation, but the innovating firms don’t necessarily hire all of the job losers, because the innovation reduced the total amount of labor needed to produce the original amount of the good.  In order to re-employ all job losers, the economy must grow to produce more of the good with all of the original workers, or produce more of some other good with the cheaper labor (the job losers) now available. In either case the economy grows.  Much of what we consider progress is due to labor-reducing innovations.  In order to live without economic growth, we would have to give up this kind of progress, or introduce arrangements to allow workers who become unproductive to retain their relative wealth and self-respect, or relegate most people to a repressed underclass.  There is a powerful incentive to avoid these contingencies by encouraging economic growth.  - David Delaney

3. How does economic equality affect racial conflict and evolutionary mal-adaptiveness? Why is economic equality both natural, logical, and necessary?

4. Bikes are nice but walking is better for talking.

5. Long lives and low birth rates: Whose posterity is it anyway?

6. "Specialization is for insects."

7. Our misunderstanding of the exponential (Albert Bartlett), for example, one-half percent growth implies doubling time of 140 years. If you began now to address the problem of twice as much economic activity in the same space, would you prepare for it or prevent it? Is 140 years enough time?

8. How does ERoEI* address all of that and ensure that the total energy budget for the community does not diminish as population at first diminishes and then stabilizes? Conservation measures are introduced that also redound to higher standards of living.

9. What I mean by stockpiles of natural capital.

Energy Is Everything

I hope we all know that everything depends on people doing the right thing, which depends upon people knowing what the right thing is, which depends upon people who know what to do doing the right thing to influence others until right thinking is widespread, which depends upon many things including luck. Ultimately, we need widespread (practically universal) agreement and cooperation. And it better be right. So, let's suppose that the human element is in place, that is, the people are ready.

Then, everything else depends upon obtaining a safe high-grade energy supply that is as dependable as the sun.

None of these things are likely to occur under the present governments and economic systems. It's not just the US government and political economy that needs to be replaced. But, I do not want this last remark to detract from my principal message, which is that energy is not just another thing. It is everything!!!

(It is necessary to employ hyperbole because most of us will continue to undervalue energy.) Energy is to our species what blood is to individuals.

Sustainability Requirements

The first requirement for sustainability is a stable population.

If we merely state that the sustainability of future generations is not compromised, we have said nothing about what is required. We don't know what future generations require; but, if we leave them with the same capacity to produce energy and the same size stockpiles of natural capital that we have, we have certainly achieved sustainability.

Assuming that one can live in a civilized society in which nuclear reactions do not occur, the conservation of matter holds. Then, conservation measures and aggressive recycling are sufficient to satisfy the natural capital requirement with fresh extraction etc. making up the slight unavoidable deficits for thousands, perhaps millions, of years without running out. We may consider this part of the problem solved.

Then, I say, sustainability depends upon an adequate supply of renewable energy. Everything else is in principle solved. Of course, achieving a stable population of intelligent human beings is very difficult, but we know what we have to do.

Thus ERoEI for the production of energy is crucial.  Currently we do not have a truly renewable energy technology.  It is necessary to compute ERoEI in such a way that, if an isolated community in which everything can be done because everything required of nature is available inside the borders of the community, I say, if such a community produces nothing for export except energy, that is, nothing crosses the border - not material, not people, only standard 110 volt AC 60 Hz single-phase electric current (and perhaps none of that), then the requirement for sustainability is ERoEI no less than 1.0.

From the viewpoint of monetary price

THINK of it another way.  We know that every economic transaction has an energy component.  Let's pretend that we know the correct multiplier to convert dollars to emergy units.  Now let us consider the economic events that affect the price.   If investors receive dividends, does that affect the price.  Certainly!   Does the salary paid the worker affect the price?   Yes.   How about the price of a tooth extraction by the worker's dentist?   If it rises, eventually the worker will ask for a raise.   Ultimately, it will affect the price of the solar power installation, if that's what we are talking about.   Suppose the community is isolated  except for net energy crossing the border.   The community consumes everything else that it produces.  Therefore, the entire livelihood of every member of the community must be charged to the sole producer - except for freeloaders who could be kicked out to restore the special circumstances of this thought experiment, which I thought was easy to understand.  However, if understanding something compromises a man's ability to earn a living, he may have difficulty understanding it.

Renewable Energy Profits: Energy is the life's blood of the community.

Renewable Energy Profits

Tom Wayburn, PhD in chemical engineering

Ferroni and Hopkirk published an analysis of photovoltaic installations in Northern Europe in which they reported an estimated ERoEI of 0.83, which indicates that solar PV in Northern Europe is a net consumer of energy. Subsequently, another analysis seems to show that their results are extremely inaccurate and their conclusions are wrong. This has no effect on the following which I wrote earlier:

First and foremost: Ferroni and Hopkirk counted labor; but, they did not count profit.  There is nothing that will frak up an ERoEI* quicker than the purveyor of solar who worked so hard to sell the damn thing that he marked up the sale price to twice the cost to himself; and, then, bought himself a BMW with half the profits.  I have said (more than once) that when we decide what to sell something for, we have to include the money costs of everything that went into it.  Possibly, half the price of your fishing gear went into profits.  And ... those retailers of fun didn't sit on their profits; they spent them; and, there was an energy consequence for each purchase or sale.   That's why the Total Energy Budget (E) tracks the GDP so well that it can be characterized by a single number:  E/GDP,  tabulated for each year for every country (nearly) in the world.   (By the way, I don't think they (the DOE) make it quite so accessible as they once did.)

Second, you know how they always say, "And, it will create X number of new jobs," not noticing that that counts against the entrepreneur's renewable energy brainstorm.  And, if he is hiring highly-paid managers, the ERoEI plummets.

Now, the ERoEI* can be raised by a number of tactics most of which sound like degrowth, decentralization, dechrematisticalism, and dematerialism.  I noticed early on that most working people do NOT make anything we need or want or do anything that is useful to the community.  They work hard; but, if they are “successful”, the net result is more money for themselves or for their employers and not much else.  In "Energy in a Natural Economy", I computed  that we could do things for about one-third the energy we now spend if we cut out the money game.   (This is true trivially for the healthcare sector, which ought to be more amenable to make the change, as they are not supposed to need that change.) I didn't even begin to assess secondary effects; e. g., much less business activity means fewer copying machines etc. that businesses use and manufacturers use in the business end of the business.

Decentralization is key in the delivery of electricity to its ultimate use, which ought to be very close to where it is produced.  On the other hand, the capitalist mode of production involves large percentage line losses not to mention the energy costs of building and maintaining the gargantuan infrastructure of distribution.   If the production is sufficiently decentralized (say, that each user has his own production facility), each producer can be his own maintenance man and his own operator.  One more thing: not so much decentralization as abandonment of the capitalist mode of production, which, as you know, demands continuous operation as opposed to batch mode. You know how they say, "It's no good because it is not dependable."  "0. K.," says me, "when the sun don't shine, go to bed."

Another benefit of decentralization is the simplicity with which one can clean the solar collectors to maintain a high effectiveness ratio, the fraction of incident availability that is passed on to be recovered.

Let's consider a couple of experiments that would go a long way toward settling these long-standing debates.  (i) Milton Maciel was a member of Energy Resources.  He is a chemical engineer with a PhD, I believe.   He once was a deputy energy minister for Brazil in which country he operated a large plantation which was nearly self-supporting in a true isolated manner except for a few details that we might easily have fixed for the purpose of producing a close approximation to the autonomous alternative energy district -  except for mining, where - fortunately - there is pretty good data on the emergies of the sorts of thing that Milton would have been needing for this experiment - assuming he would have a machine shop and a full-time machinist and two apprentices on the premises.  Everyone who worked there lived there.  We would  certainly get a good idea whether we had an ERoEI* greater than 1.0 or less than 1.0, I think. (ii)  Something nearly as good could be done with a large manufacturing plant that is capable of a reduced number of links to the outside and a small number of similar but complementary facilities; so, the input/output matrices are quite small and few in number.  Now, if these could be run on dematerialist principles, that would be fantastic for showing what I have come to depend on after years of computations, namely, that one can devise a political economy that will function and survive on a finite Earth whereas market system economies that permit chrematistics will not.

Remember, that the result of all these retractions (decentralization, degrowth, dematerialism, and dechrematisticalism) is that, for the most part, the purveyors of the technologies will be those who are the principal benefactors.

I still think ERoEI is a great tool and the detractors are people who can't get their heads around it. Again - for the most part.

I just re-read Euan Mearns' excellent piece, “ERoEI for Beginners”, in his Energy Matters blog. Toward the end of the article, he takes a stab at dividing human activities into some that we can charge to the effort of producing energy and others that we must list as consumers of the energy produced. Here is a sample of the things people say that reveal a limited understanding of how ERoEI should be implemented: “Net energy is the surplus energy left over from our energy gathering activities that is used to power society – build hospitals, schools, aircraft carriers and to grow food.” Please note that, depending upon circumstances, all four – hospitals, schools, aircraft carriers, and food – belong in EI. If there is anyone who is not a part of the energy mission, pro-rata charges would be introduced.

You see, Euan thinks like an economist. He thinks of energy as a commodity – like house paint or pork bellies – that we wish to utilize for our comfort and convenience. Energy is not just something we use as part of our lifestyle. We should not think of it as just one thing – but, rather, as everything, like breath and blood combined. It is life. Any member of the community for whom it can be said that this person does nothing for the flow of energy, is wasting energy. He should be furloughed; and, he should be happy to do whatever his intrinsic interests dictate, which has been the object of acquiring an education. If the Matching Problem of Chapter 2 of On the Preservation of Species has been solved, we will be able to determine feasibility or quasi-sustainability or sustainability immediately. I must finish updating Chapter 2 of On the Preservation of Species or write a stand-alone description of the Matching Problem. Earlier today, I read the following:

Note.  Permit me to define two, perhaps new, meanings of the words "profane" and "transcendent".  Let us consider an act of man profane if its purpose is to provide for life the energy that supports life all of which comes ultimately from Nature, e. g., agriculture.  Let us consider an act of man transcendent if its purpose can be said to be to build a monument to God whether God exists or not, e. g., art.  Let us consider all other acts of man to be "frivolous".  Then, one can choose to place the energy costs, E_P, of all profane acts in the Energy Invested (EI).  One can include the energy costs, E_T, of transcendent activity in EI if the transcendent be considered necessary to the profane.  One can include the energy costs, E_F, of frivolous activity provided we associate an efficiency to EI equal to [E_P + E_T]/[ E_P + E_T + E_F] at which point we have arrived at the balance equation approach to feasibility because the ER/EI will be exactly 1.0 for a real society running on the energy technology under investigation.

This was written by me a sufficiently long time ago that I did not recognize the writing nor the mood of the author at the time of the writing, even though he was myself. It seems I had already begun to think of all efforts to support life as directly or indirectly producing energy. It is as though energy is life. It reminds me of the way in which we state that we are still alive by means of such figures as “I'm still breathing” and “My heart still beats.” Whether I thought that then and still think it or not, I intend to cease to try to separate my profane activities into energy and non-energy parts. Moreover, I think the transcendent is necessary to the profane. Although, it hurts me to admit it, there are many people who do not consider Elvis Presley's music frivolous. In fact, a few people consider it transcendent. Indeed, I don't think this sort of economic triage is likely to succeed; therefore, let me propose the following rule: Charge all activity to energy invested. I shall want to test this proposal in a number of ways before I send this page to anyone. Here is what another one of our colleagues said:

1) We found by "following the money" and assigning (a probably conservative) energy intensity factor to each Euro spent to generate and run a one GW plant in Spain that only about one third of the energy required to deliver  electricity to the bussbar is used for the panels.  Our estimated EROI was only about 2.8 :1, or 7:1 if you want to include a quality factor for output.  (Prieto and Hall 2012  Spain's photovoltaic revolution Springer). 

2) You don't need a bare energy net profit (and a  large base), but a fairly robust one, which we estimate (imperfectly) as 3:1 to drive a vehicle to something from 5:1 to 12:1 for our modern society ;  See the first two attached papers .  Otherwise your whole economy is just (barely) getting energy but not doing anything with it.

3) including some way of compensation for intermittency greatly lowers the EROI. See papers by Graham Palmer on this.

4)  The transition to renewables (desirable for me too) would require enormous investments up front, almost inevitably of fossil fuels, possibly lowering EROIs to critical values.  The paper by Capellan-Perez is crucial.  

I will comment on the above four items here:

1. Since the delivery plays such an important role in determining the operational costs, we can expect a large increase in ERoEI* if we live and operate our solar energy facility so close to the point of use that the delivery costs are nil.
2. Great pains are taken to compute EROI after which all the accuracy is discarded by pulling an integer out of the air. “Otherwise your whole economy is just (barely) getting energy but not doing anything with it.” This reveals once again that the speaker is thinking of an economy made up of an energy sector serving the rest of the economy; but, in a crisis, every member of the community should be a part of the energy sector and, therefore, his entire energy budget goes into EI*. Actually, even in normal times, the principal business of the economy is to keep the energy flowing, after which food can be provided fairly easily. We make sure we have blood circulating; but, we don't ask it to do something for us outside of our bodies.
3. If the capitalist mode of production is to be abandoned, there is nothing preventing owner-operators restricting themselves to small batch jobs, with only enough stored electricity on hand to finish a small batch. In the next paragraph, we estimate the new ERoEI very roughly; and, the conclusion should be taken with a grain of salt. As for storage, we have 3D printing, CnC, and other robotics, that can store electricity as emergy.
4. I will read Capellan-Perez next; but, for a lark, multiply 0.8 by three to account for the savings in delivery costs. Then, multiply 2.4 by three to account for furloughing workers engaged in chrematistics. This gives us ERoEI* = 7.2 or Net Energy = 6.2 with which to support dead heads. Inasmuch as the chief benefactor is the purveyor, he doesn't need to make a profit nor hire expensive help. In fact, we can manufacture half of the installation “down on the farm”. Maintenance is straight DIY. We are subsistence roughnecks not commodity twits. No bankers need apply. It may be easier to go along with those of us who wish to Power Down to Earth as a Garden than to preserve The Empire. Population shrinkage and economic shrinkage are necessary.

Finally, we need to show, with a simple thought experiment, that profits should be added to EI*; that is, profits are interior to the AAED, Suppose we have the economically (and energetically) isolated Autonomous Alternative Energy District in place except that the sole stockholder wishes to take his large profit outside of the District and spend it as part of the general public. Convert the profit into energy product equivalents. Should the energy accountant add these energy equivalents to the Energy Invested or the Net Energy? Normally, the energy represented by the energy equivalents doesn't exist yet. If it were part of the net product (assuming that the process generates net product, that is, ERoEI* > 1.0), it could remain outside the district, but the stockholder would have to be reimbersed. Suppose the stockholder uses energy equivalents to buy an expensive car. The merchant will turn up at the AAED to redeem his certificates or whatever token he has been given. We still do not know that there will be any net product, But, are the profits investment or are they product?  When the AAED has Net Product available for export, it ships it to the purchaser who compensates the AAED in a currency completely independent of the AAED accounting system.  But, product equivalents paid to a stockholder do not fit this pattern.

(I have neglected the sunlight falling on the district and the infrared junk heat radiating to deep space; but, the first is free and the second is worthless.)

This idea that “the entire community must think of its mission as keeping the energy flowing” can be taken to the limit. The only members of the community who should not be considered part of the energy sector are the unemployed. This is a new idea for me and I would like to devise a compelling thought experiment if not a proof. I'm afraid I shall be relatively lonely with my new insight that may assist me in reinforcing my conception if it is not leading me down the primrose path. I remain, however, a fallibilist.

To begin, I should like to show the connection to energy production for any employed person in any community in which an alternative energy is able to supply the entire energy budget regardless of whether or not it becomes necessary from time to time to “borrow” energy from the outside. We say “borrow” because we expect to pay back in our alternative energy, where all kilowatt-hours of single-phase, 60 Hz, 120 Volt AC are equivalent. Every employed person in a community that has not furloughed chrematists  will have to be considered useful to the people who do useful work, since they tolerate him.  So step right up. Take a card. Any card ...

A Review of the Considerations that Determine a Choice of Political Economy

Sustainability

Sustainability is the first consideration in choosing a political economy.  It is this alone that disqualifies capitalism and other market systems.  We have shown that market systems require economic growth, whereas what is needed in the United States is market shrinkage or degrowth initially until whatever sized economy is taken to be optimal is reached after which a steady-state economy seems to be most desirable.  To accommodate a few people who imagine that an economy can grow in perpetuity without encountering intolerable scarcity and other undesirable conditions it is necessary to prove that this is impossible.

The Defects of Capitalism: My List

Thus, we see that I was attracted to the moral basis of dematerialism; and, in the beginning, I did not realize that dematerialism might be sustainable whereas other political systems were not.

 

Axiomatic Morality

There is nothing either good or bad, but thinking makes it so. – Shakespearce's Hamlet

Nietzsche came to this sentiment rather late in the day and Mary Baker Eddy gave it second place on her Frontispiece in Science and Health; but, the authorities are not needed, as one can verify the truth of it with a little reflection.  However, when I began writing On the Preservation of Species, I was not the devout atheist I have become. I was still an agnostic but an agnostic with a decidedly Christian bias. I did not notice the Christian bias even as I was writing disparaging papers to convince someone, undoubtedly myself, that Christianity could not be true – even though “On the Separation of Church and State and the Case Against Christianity and Other Improper Religions” began as a multipart serial piece in The Truthseeker until after two or three installments the editorial staff realized I was anti-Capitalist as well as anti-Christian and shut me down. Nevertheless, statements like “Human nature is inherently good and generous.  The evil deeds done by humans come from the defects in society” betray my heretical Christian bias and the idea that I could distinguish “good” and “evil”, despite Church doctine. Thus, at that time, I may have been an agnostic; but, I was a Christian agnostic on his way to becoming a Christian atheist, as strange as that sounds. Let us say that I am beginning to overcome my Christian bias with great difficulty. I doubt that I shall ever come to despise or disparage The Sermon on the Mount.

Pronouncements of moral judgments are termed “normative”.  Laws, then, are made for the convenience of the community and to discourage nuisances. In my philosophy, I ask that they be few in number, readily derivable from a minimal set, and satisfy the three criteria: reasonableness, utility, and beauty as discussed ad infinitum.in.Chapter 3.of.On the Preservation of Species. The not-quite-independent set of minimal principles to which I subscribe can be rendered in slang as follows: (1) live and let live, (2) tell the truth to those who have a right to know it (Hemingway, Green Hills of Africa), and (3) protect the environment. These and their corollaries deserve a great deal of elucidation and they get it in Chapter 3 (above) and throughout my papers and book. For example, I have tried very hard to show that precept number one demands economic equality.

One if the reasons for the necessity of economic growth given by Delaney was the need for workers to expect to be better off in successive years despite the rich growing richer. This cannot be true if the economy can no longer grow. After the limit to growth has been reached economic equality is necessary to achieve the stability previously achieved by growth. In particular, when unlimited acquisition is possible, the superior players of Money Games will end up with practically all of the money as in the popular game of Monopoly in which one player ends up with everything. Then, we shall have returned to Feudalism, which we didn't like when we had it. In this fashion the Economic Equality Corollary to the Freedom Axiom is validated. It is the moral choice because its omission is inconvenient – to say the least.

Finally, I believe we should avail ourselves of well-defined physical quantities as much as possible in stating the requirements of the law. In cases, where no judgment can be made based on first principles, we should defer to equality, e. g., the division of residential property or shares in the sustainable social dividend (the net production of useful goods and services by the community).

Dematerialism Satisfies Moral Requirements and Is Sustainable

Thus, dematerialism satisfies moral imperatives that we might adopt because of an inspired reading of the Sermon on the Mount, a clear appraisal of the needs of the community, and an understanding of what convenience amounts to for an entire community. I, for my part,¹ test every public policy against the three criterea discussed in Chapter 3 Toward Axiomatic Morality of On the Preservation of Species, namely, reasonableness, utility, and beauty. Nevertheless, every political economy upon which we hope to build a lasting civilization must a fortiori be sustainable.

The first characteristic of the natural economy described by me is a give-away economy.  I think I can state that with a trifle more precision:

1. Probably, the community will have to monitor the extent of each economic actor’s consumption of (i) fresh water, (ii) land, (iii) contributed human labor in excess of what is done by economic actors to further their own private interests, and (iv) the emergy of manufactured objects.  This will be necessary until a generation of citizens is born that recognizes the importance of minimizing consumption.  Thus, the economy is consumer-planned subject only to the consumer’s responsibility (a) to use no more than 1/Nth of the sustainable fresh water, 1/Nth of the land that has not been set aside as part of the commons or is otherwise inviolable, and 1/Nth of the hours of human labor contributed to the common pool by people who have done more labor than what they require for their private interests, such as their households, and 1/Nth of the sustainable production of manufactured items (measured in emergy units) where N is the number of consumers and (b) to reproduce himself or herself only, to pass on his reproductive rights to another, or not to reproduce.  Probably violators will have to be sterilized (painlessly) along with the excess child. This policy will be resisted rather vigorously, I suppose, and for good reason, but what else can be done?
2. Local economic enterprises owned by workers in the sense of custodianship. Decisions are made by direct vote – one worker, one vote.  It is important that worker ownership not extend beyond the premises of the plant where the work is done.  Decentralization not incorporation.  Each enterprise integrates the plans of its consumers into a total economic plan for the enterprise and notifies its suppliers accordingly.  This must be achieved with negligible energy costs, probably with a computer.  The economic actor might organize his or her personal emergy budget well in advance, also with a computer.
3. Public servants chosen quasi-randomly, somewhat as jurors are chosen², for limited terms that cannot be followed by another such appointment.  Recall is by direct vote of all members of the community whom I call citizens for lack of a better term.  The term fractal government denotes a system of small communities wherein every citizen belongs to a local parliament that is tied in a loose federation with other such communities in similar parliaments that are tied in loose federations to other parliaments of parliaments.This is similar to fractal structures, except that a loose federation of the world can have only a finite number of sub-levels, as does every representation of a fractal in the real world.  Among a very small number of public servants are the members of local communities who sit in the parliaments that determine public policy for the community’s eco-region, which randomly selects members of itself who make policy for a collection of eco-regions.  And so on.  Every one of these “members of parliament” is subject to immediate recall by the direct vote of the body that chose him or her.  Thus, the only permanent members of the government are the people themselves who share political power at the community level in the sense of one-person-one-vote.  Naturally, some people will have more influence than others if they are widely respected; but, they cannot convert this influence to greater wealth.  Ultimately, this arrangement should evolve into no government at all.

Figure 1.  Fractal

Figure 2.  Fractal Political Structure

4. The Fundamental Principle of Neighborliness in dealing with neighboring communities, so that the dependence of economic well-being on geography is minimized.  (Wealth flows always from richer communities to poorer communities or not at all.)
5. Defense by citizen militias if necessary.  The decision to bear arms is up to the citizens.
6. It is recognized that the federal government is likely to suppress any effort to form an intentional community (or reform an existing community) along egalitarian lines,  i. e., with a Natural Economy, unless collapse has already commenced, in which case the federal government will no longer be able to function because the most powerful people in government will have given up in despair and will be trying to save themselves – at least Dmitry Orlov has made a good case for this in “Closing the Collapse Gap”, which compares the collapse of the Soviet Empire with the very likely collapse of the United States American Empire.

The rest of the paper is at https://naturalpoliticaleconomy.wordpress.com/ .

The World According to The Dematerialist

We have established to our own satisfaction that the world is at or near the limits to economic growth. (To convince denialists, it might be convenient to show that some of the essentiial components of economic growth entail the extraction of increasing quantities of  natural resources and the degradation of increasing quantities of energy corrected by entropy, that is, thermodynamic availability.)  American-style capitalism entails (i) the development of technological advances that displace workers for whom new jobs must be found, (ii) economic inequality that will be tolerated only under a rising standard of living for the work force, (iii) fractional reserve banking, and (iv) a stock market.  All of these require perpetual economic growth.  Thus, American-style capitalism cannot be sustained.  Inasmuch as it is unlikely that it will be replaced in an orderly fashion, we must wait for its collapse remembering that "evil's death is sure - but slow".  In the meantime, we must attempt to increase awareness of the possibilities for new systems.  We must begin now to solve the problems associated with every possible social system.  I hope to present my vision of the Earth as a Garden with a Natural Political Economy as discussed in these pages, at https://www.dematerialism.net/, in the papers linked to that site, and in my large book On the Preservation of Species, which I had better get busy redacting.

Sustainable Land Use

I would like to thank Azniv Petrosyan for suggesting the use of remote imaging to assess land use, in particular to assess bio-diversity in wilderness areas.  Other than that I do not see how her paper “A Model for Incorporated Measurement of Sustainable Development Comprising Remote Sensing Data and Using the Concept of Biodiversity” can be at all helpful.  In particular, although it mentions population, it does not seem to recognize that the population must be shrinking or steady at its optimum in any sustainable community.  Most important of all, the paper does not recognize the limits to growth nor does it insist upon a closed energy balance that does not consume fossil fuels.  It is unlikely that research in sustainability that does not somehow depend upon Howard Odum’s beginnings can be relevant.  But, then, I do not expect any help in our present dire crisis from the employees of universities, corporations, governments, or private labs – except insofar as they violate the bounds of their employment, which sometimes happens.  It’s unfortunate that most of us must find a way to make a living.  Not many scientists will thank me if I tell them that they should earn it in some other way than from science and that they should do science unfettered by the restraints of their employment.  At the risk of being labelled an elitist, I must point out that many giants in the age of giants were independently wealthy or employed outside science.

Now here is the new thinking that Azniv’s paper inspired:  Let us divide all land use into (1) wilderness, (2) park-like areas, (3) garden-like areas, (4) residential, (5) agricultural, and (6) industrial areas.

1.   Wilderness Area:  This must be growing and bio-diversity should not be diminished.

2.   Park-like areas:  These may grow at the expense of all other areas except garden-like areas and wilderness.  They constitute the most important scenic outlooks and recreational areas such as beaches where there can be vigorous (but not destructive) human behavior (hiking, swimming, camping, fishing, perhaps even hunting – but not the use of off-road vehicles).   Ideally, wild and domestic animals might have free access to parks depending upon mutual tolerance.

3.  Garden-like areas that are cultivated but where vigorous human activity and, of course, industrial activity including agricultural is excluded.  I have extolled the notion of Earth as a Garden in my earlier writing and I still like the concept.  Humans may enter such areas but only gardeners may interact with it.  The growth or maintenance of such areas should be similar to park-like areas.  A certain amount of food should come from gardens; but, it must not be “farmed” with heavy equipment.

4.  Residential areas should be shrinking or less populous but not growing.  They may have an index associated with them that accounts for gardens and parks within them.

5.  Agricultural area adjusted for partial or intermittent use should be steady or shrinking and should employ sustainable methods.  I do not know much about permaculture; I must assume that it is truly sustainable.  Further, I assume that no fossil fuel is employed.

6.  Industrial areas – even after adjustments for the areas required to harvest sunlight and prevent pollution must not be growing.

Although I have not discussed mixed use areas, I have said enough for now – considering that these ideas originated only an hour or two ago.  Let me sleep on this.  In the meantime, I hope to hear from others.

I should have been back here editing this entry the daay after it was posted, that is, just as soon as I realized that I did not list urban areas separately.  Clearly, we shall have cities for yet a little while longer, although they should shrink until the last vestiges of commerce and finance have vanished.  Cities should be centers of art and entertainment.

7.  Urban areas should be shrinking rapidly for quite awhile.  Let us say that they are changing to mixed use, as it is difficult to compactify urban sprawl.

A Discussion of Planned Economies that Began on the Google Group America 2.0

1.  What I mean by a planned economy

I'm afraid I should not have referred to my version of a natural economy as a "planned economy".  Perhaps, the term "decentralized privately planned economy" almost tells the story, except what I mean by "privately" is a little odd.  I believe I have constructed a sort of syndicalism.  Regrettably, though, I have not looked at the definition of every type of non-market economy. The only role for government in this sort of natural economy is to administer the rule that each consumer use no more than 1/Nth of the total sustainable dividend of the economy (measured in emergy units) where N is the number of consumers and reproduce himself only, pass on his reproductive rights to another, or not reproduce. 

Ethan Nagler at America 2.0 wrote:

Just read up a little on the "calculation problem" defined by the Austrian
economists. As far as I understand it, their argument is not dependent on
their flawed conceptions of human nature.

It's impossible for a small number of people, no matter how intelligent, to
calculate, without price, the wants/needs/desires of millions of people
across vast distances. That's why planned economies always end up in
famine. Until you can prove that you have an algorithm for calculating
everyone's needs 100% of the time, then any other arguments for a planned
economy are futile, in my opinion.

My answer:  

I believe the Austrian economists are right; but, their result does not apply to my version of the natural economy:  

From http://www.dematerialism.net/wiki.htm#_Toc170283591

A Natural Political Economy

In Chapter 5 of On the Preservation of Species, Wayburn describes a society that has abandoned materialism, that is, a society in which Dematerialism has already taken place.  This might be tested in an intentional community despite the obstacles presented by the materialistic society in which it is embedded or throughout which it is distributed.  The community would have the following features:

1.      A give-away economy with no monetary system^[1]. Each economic actor^[2] notifies directly the enterprises that supply his genuine needs, which, in turn, tell him when the item or items can be picked up or will be delivered depending upon which mode has the lower emergy costs.  Clearly, delivery syndicates will need to minimize emergy by solving optimization problems – possibly of combinatorial complexity – by computer, if computers are available in the wake of Peak Oil.  Otherwise, emergy consumption is not likely to be minimized, although it may be acceptably low.  Being too poor to afford a computer for each economic actor is another case of the poor communities getting poorer; but, even in the worst case, it will not be accompanied by the rich getting richer to exacerbate the situation.  These enterprises also report the emergy values of the item or items to each economic actor and to a public servant if the community deems this necessary until people have learned the lesson of minimizing their consumption.  Thus, the economy is consumer-planned subject only to the consumer's responsibility (a) to use no more than 1/Nth of the total sustainable dividend of the economy (measured in emergy units) where N is the number of consumers and (b) to reproduce himself only, to pass on his reproductive rights to another, or not to reproduce.  Life can be made discouragingly difficult for cheaters.

   Note 10.25.2018:  An economy that can afford to have consumers take what they need might be instituted when the notion of restrained consumption and sustainability is well understood and universally accepted, that is, ingrained.  There is no need to go into details of the distribution process other that to say that consumers should deal directly with producers.  It is not such a great compromise to provide all economic actors with a sort of debit card linked to land, fresh water, emergy, and human effort upon which they can draw up to 1/Nth of the sustainable supply.

2.      Local economic enterprises owned by workers in the sense of custodianship.  Decisions are made by direct vote – one worker, one vote.  It is important that worker ownership not extend beyond the premises of the plant where the work is done.  Decentralization not incorporation.  Each enterprise integrates the plans of its consumers into a total economic plan for the enterprise and notifies its suppliers accordingly.  This must be achieved with negligible energy costs, probably with a computer.  The economic actor might organize his or her personal emergy budget well in advance, also with a computer.

3.      Public servants chosen quasi-randomly, somewhat as jurors are chosen, for limited terms that cannot be followed by another such appointment.  Recall is by direct vote of all members of the community whom I call citizens for lack of a better term.  The term fractal government denotes a system of small communities wherein every citizen belongs to a local parliament that is tied in a loose federation with other such communities in similar parliaments that are tied in loose federations to other parliaments of parliaments.  This is similar to fractal structures, except that a loose federation of the world can have only a finite number of sub-levels, as does every representation of a fractal in the real world.  Among a very small number of public servants are the members of local communities who sit in the parliaments that determine public policy for the community’s eco-region, which randomly selects members of itself who make policy for a collection of eco-regions.  And so on.  Every one of these “members of parliament” is subject to immediate recall by the direct vote of the body that chose him or her.  Thus, the only permanent members of the government are the people themselves who share political power at the community level in the sense of one-person-one-vote.  Naturally, some people will have more influence than others if they are widely respected; but, they cannot convert this influence to greater wealth.  Ultimately, this arrangement should evolve into no government at all.

  

Figure 1.  Fractal

Figure 2.  Fractal Political Structure

4.      The Fundamental Principle of Neighborliness in dealing with neighboring communities, so that the dependence of economic well-being on geography is minimized.  (Wealth flows always from richer communities to poorer communities or not at all.)

5.      Defense by citizen militias if necessary.  The decision to bear arms is up to the citizens.

6.      It is recognized that the federal government is likely to suppress any effort to form an intentional community (or reform an existing community) along egalitarian lines,  i. e., with a Natural Economy, unless collapse has already commenced, in which case the federal government will no longer be able to function because the most powerful people in government will have given up in despair and will be trying to save themselves - at least Dmitry Orlov has made a good case for this in “Closing the Collapse Gap”, which compares the collapse of the Soviet Empire with the very likely collapse of the United States American Empire.

Wayburn writes, “I regret very much employing the expression ‘natural economy’ because, if you google ‘natural economy’, you get 136,000 hits, and most of them do not agree with my definition.  My paper ‘Energy in a Natural Economy’ doesn't show up until the second page.  Fortunately, the first google hit is from the article in the Wikipedia where we read, ‘Natural economy refers to a type of economy in which money is not used in the transfer of resources among people’ and ‘German economists have invented the term Naturalwirtschaft, natural economy, to describe the period prior to the invention of money.’  The definition by Karl Marx is included too, which argues against a modern capitalist interpretation – as does the article under discussion.”

There is a slightly better description in Energy in a Natural Economy, which is listed in the hyperlinked table of contents at http://dematerialism.net/demise.htm#NaturalEconomy.  It just begins to describe the Earth as a Garden as I envision it in a post-industrial, decentralized, eco-community with a steady-state economy in the wake of Peak Oil.  Such an economy should not be based on buying and selling; and, although people might still compete for importance or the recognition of their own importance by the rest of the community, they would not compete for status.  I take “status” to refer to resource dominance or the acquisition of power over other people the purpose of which is to increase personal wealth.  One could convert fame to personal wealth too, but that needn’t be the case.  I take “importance” and “recognition” to refer to the sort of fame and influence over people that most of us would like – perhaps even seek, but we do not want them for the money.  I picture a community where one can compete in a hierarchy of personal importance but not in one of personal wealth or power.  This accounts for so-called human nature, which may or may not be universal and immutable.

In a Natural Economy good citizens are trying to minimize their personal consumption.  They might even take personal pride in doing so.  Ultimately, they might welcome the animal kingdom back into the Garden, which will have become much more hospitable to nearly every species.  Some readers might find The Parable of the Shipwrecked Brothers illuminating.

The Earth as a Garden should have a number of easily-identified necessary characteristics:

1.         As in Erewhon, Samuel Butler’s version of Utopia, the manufacture of energy intensive inventions of the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries should not be permitted.  This does not apply to energy-saving inventions that replace inventions of earlier centuries and are immune to Jevons Paradox.  This follows from Item A of Addendum 2 of “On Capitalism”.  “Every technological ‘improvement’ results in the exchange of one set of nuisances for another.”

2.         Banking, finance, fiduciary instruments of every sort including stocks, bonds, options, and money, in short monetary systems themselves, must be rigorously excluded.  Otherwise, the economy will grow and will not be sustainable as shown in Items B and D.

3.         The necessity of reasonable equality in wealth in a steady-state economy follows from Item C.

Notes

Note 1.          In case a monetary system is required – perhaps just to determine what an equal share is – I have written a regrettably long document despite my best attempt at brevity:  See http://dematerialism.net/cc3.htm .

Note 2.         An economic actor is a member of a community who makes decisions regarding consumption for herself and any dependents.

2.  Answers to the question: Can you name a planned economy that was not a dismal failure?

          a.  Can you name one successful economy of any description?

         

          b.  Even discounting the complaints about the limited amount of consumer goods and the handling of the criminal class, that is, private profiteers, probably, planned economies have not done well; however, …

                   i.   there have not been very many,

                   ii.  most of them tried to solve the economic calculation problem mentioned by Ethan Nagler,

                   iii.  almost none of them attempted to achieve equality in a straightforward way,

                   iv.  none of them were pure democracies in the sense of Aristotle,

                   v.  none of them had a rational monetary system, that is, a method for determining economic equality,

                   vi.  none of them embraced degrowth,

                   vii.  not every form of planned economy has been tried.                                     

3.  The advisability – if  not necessity - of devising an economy without markets.  By referring to Bureau of Labor Statistics data from a time when the United States produced everything it needed domestically, I determined an upper bound on the fraction of energy that cannot be saved by eliminating markets.  See “Energy in a Natural Economy”.  This thesis is strongly supported by “On the Conservation-within-Capitalism Scenario” and “Energy in a Mark II Economy”.

4.   What I expect from serious people who wish to make the best of a very bad situation:  Don’t waste your time arguing that a planned economy won’t work; get busy devising economies that will work.

5.  Schumacher’s famous list (and diagram)

Many people believe that communism is pure totalitarianism and capitalism is pure freedom and that we must choose one or the other.  The notion is sweeping the world that, since planned economies have failed, market economies represent the only hope and, indeed, the only possibility.  These are very dangerous beliefs as far as the preservation of Earth’s remaining species is concerned.  It rules out every idea that has a chance to work and makes the extinction of life on earth very likely.  No one will escape to outer space for a number of reasons chiefly related to those who won’t have that option.

If, following E. F. Schumacher [1], the famous economist, we make strict binary choices between (i) freedom and totalitarianism, (ii) market economy and planned economy, (iii) private ownership and collective or state ownership, we get, not two only, but 2 to the 3rd power or 8 pure political-economic systems.  I reject totalitarianism on humanistic, utilitarian, and aesthetic grounds and I have already shown why I reject market economies.  This leaves two pure systems: freedom-planning-private and freedom-planning-state.

Table 12-1.  Schumacher’s Chart
FREEDOM MARKET ECONOMY PRIVATE  OWNERSHIP	TOTALITARIANISM MARKET ECONOMY PRIVATE  OWNERSHIP
FREEDOM PLANNING PRIVATE OWNERSHIP	TOTALITARIANISM PLANNING PRIVATE  OWNERSHIP
FREEDOM MARKET  ECONOMY STATE  OWNERSHIP	TOTALITARIANISM MARKET  ECONOMY STATE  OWNERSHIP
FREEDOM PLANNING STATE  OWNERSHIP	TOTALITARIANISM PLANNING STATE  OWNERSHIP

I believe we are in a position, now, to reject state ownership because it leads to the concentration of power into the hands of a large, inefficient, corrupt, and tyrannical bureaucracy that appropriates an unfair portion of the wealth to itself, which, in turn, demoralizes everyone else.  The last thing a bureaucracy has in mind is to “wither away”.  I believe that the means of producing goods and providing services, including services we normally think of as government services, should be owned by the people as private individuals – but in the sense of custodianship.  Workers would own the enterprises for which they work.  One worker – one share; one share – one vote.  This sort of combination of private and collective ownership differs from ordinary ownership in that it cannot be transferred by sale; moreover, it must be forfeited by individuals who voluntarily abandon the enterprise.  Due to these and other complications we shall refer to capital as generalized private property.  [Note in proof:  As of October 3, 1993, it appears that Russia is headed toward totalitarianism, a market economy, and private ownership.]

Now, in 2014, I might want to alter the above slightly; but, I think I’ll let it stand.